Gay Marriage And Its Slow Progression Of Acceptance

With the recent legalization of gay marriage and its slow progression of acceptance in society, sexuality is a subject that plays a huge role in daily life and is becoming a common and prominent theme in society as more time passes. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation refers to the sex or sexual interest to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted to. Heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are the three mostly familiar categories of sexual orientation for a typical person, and these sexualities make up for 98.9% of the sexual orientation among American adults (Ward 1, et al). But what about the other 1.1% of sexualities? While these three categories continue to be widely used to refer to†¦show more content†¦Kinsey, working with his colleagues Wardell Pomeroy and Clyde Martin, developed â€Å"The Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale,† in 1948. Also known as the â€Å"Kinsey Scale,† this rating scale explains a nd classifies people that did not fit into the exclusive categories of heterosexuality or homosexuality. Kinsey’s scale consists of six levels, with level 0 being exclusively heterosexual and contains no homosexual desires, to level 6 being exclusively homosexual, with no heterosexual desires. The remaining levels of the scale, in between 0 and 6, consist of sexualities with varying degrees of bisexuality. Like any other social trait, a person’s sexual preferences, attitudes, behaviors and identities can be flexible to some degree. This was seen in Kinsey’s study, because while the majority of men and women reported to be either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual, many individuals in the study still disclosed behaviors and attraction somewhere in between, according to the information found on â€Å"KinseyInstitute.org†. One of these particular attributes is â€Å"sexual fluidity.† Sexual fluidity is a sexual orientation in which one identifies as either homosexual or heterosexual, but changes preferences based on their surrounding environment. For example, a woman may identify as heterosexual, but given certain circumstances or by being introduced to a new environment, she might develop a sexual interest

Comparative Religion - 918 Words

Comparative Religion: Religion is a common set of belief held by different individuals available within a society. Religion concerns itself with purpose, cause, and nature considered for the creation of a superhuman agency fitted with several moral codes. The codes provide guidance on how humans should conduct themselves throughout their life time. Religious beliefs are known to fall into a pattern of 8 different elements such as the belief system, community, central myths, rituals, an ethical system, experiences of the emotions, expressing religion in a material manner, and the ability of being sacred (Jacobs, 2005). Religious Beliefs Patterns: As a Christian, my religious beliefs fall into the already identified pattern to a certain†¦show more content†¦The followers of this movement are not allowed to smoke, gamble, take alcohol, engage in a homosexual behavior and premarital sex, and do drugs. Moreover, they are also required to keep their jobs and any involved secular connections with the world (Penny, 2005). In addition to the above ethical system, the followers to this movement are required to carry out exercises which involve some identified movement styles such as slow qigong while one follower is seated and four others are standing. The reason behind this is that; the followers to this movement hold an ethical belief that performing these form of exercises and combining it with the act of upholding an ethical belief system bring an individual closer to enlightenment after curing certain diseases. Falun Gong does not pay attention to all the eight elements of religion since there are others which are totally absent. The movement has no leader and at the same time does not carry out any form of rituals unlike the Christian religion. In addition to this, the movement does not hold central myths. They are however known to express their religion in a material manner such as through performing exercises while holding a belief that it is a way of keeping illnesses away and enhancing enlightenment (Penny, 2005). Some of Falun Gongs religious elements do not hold more weight compared to other elements since there are only limited number of elements which the movement pays attention to. The other available elementsShow MoreRelatedComparative Study Of Religion And Religion873 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Religion was by far one of the most eye-opening courses I took as an undergraduate. Going into the course, I thought I would be simply comparing religions. I thought I would be learning about various religions and the similarities and differences between those religions. However, it was quite different. Yes, I learned about the major world religions and their practices, but more importantly, I learned how to approach the study of religion through various religious scholars. One of theRead More Gandhi and Comparative Religion Essay3170 Words   |  13 PagesGandhi and Comparative Religion Mahatma Gandhi was deeply interested in the comparative study of religions since the days of his youth. His interest in religious matters was due to the background of India, which was saturated with religious ideas and spirituality. Religion, to Gandhi, was not a matter of individual experience: Gandhi found God within creation. The meaning of the word Dharma is religion in India. This is a comprehensive term which embraces all of humanity. Gandhi referred toRead MoreComparative Religions Encyclopedia Of The Jewish People1277 Words   |  6 Pages Comparative Religions Encyclopedia Kenneth Ayres period 1 A. Abraham: Abraham and the individuals that followed him and believed what he believed, were the founders of judaism. The history of the jewish people goes back to the bronze age, somewhere in the middle east. God had provided a nomad leader for the people, and he was named Abraham. Allah: Allah is literally the islamic word for god. Allah is the only god of the Islamic religion. Allah has no gender, and allah is used as respectedRead MoreComparative Religions : Native Americans And The Africans2269 Words   |  10 Pages Craft Week 2 Comparative Religions W01 Dr. Tim Davis Question 1: While the Native Americans and the Africans inhabited two different continents, their belief system has a plethora of similarities pertaining to their core values. The basis of their religion also, in some ways, epitomizes modern day religion such as rites of passage. Their differences are shallow in context when it comes to what they view as sacred and holy and including religious rituals that are performed for a specific reasonRead MoreA Comparative Study Of Voltaire s And Moliere s Views On Religion1522 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparative Study of Voltaire s and Molià ¨re’s Views on Religion in Candide and Tartuffe Literary works often reveal their authors views on particular social issues. Tartuffe (1669), a play by Molià ¨re, and Candide (1759), a philosophical tale by Voltaire, both deal with the question of religion in society. Tartuffe is a satire on the attitudes of the bourgeoisie toward religion in seventeenth-century France. Molià ¨re firmly believes in reli gious moderation and condemns religious hypocrisy andRead MoreWorld Religions: Comparative Discussions1010 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Religions: Comparative Discussions 1.Compare and contrast Hinduism and Buddhism on the question of atman. What does each tradition have to say about whether a human being has an individual soul? What is the significance of this soul (or lack thereof) in each tradition? The concept of the self is critical to a great many religious traditions. Understanding ones own individual position within the context of the universe helps to drive ones relationship to the divine, to the pedestrian andRead MoreComparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions2587 Words   |  11 Pages This virtual chaotic community reversely demonstrates the importance of the ethics in a society. The moral framework provides criteria to communities, conducts people to do the appropriate things, and ensures society to keep a steady order. In religions the ethical rules and laws usually involved in scriptures. Jews, Christians and Muslims by studying and reciting the Hebrew Bible, Holy Bible and Quran every day, the particular moral standards rooted in their mind. They know what should do andRead MoreWorld Religions Comparative Essay : Hinduism And Buddhism1399 Words   |  6 PagesReba Khoshabe Mr. Lombardi HRT3M 18 November 2015 World Religions Comparative Essay: Hinduism and Buddhism Evidently, all of the religions in the world have different beliefs. Beliefs are the basis of one’s behaviour. Everything an individual does, traces back to the beliefs they have about the world. Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that originated from the same nation, India. Both religions share beliefs on different paths to enlightenment, beliefs on reincarnation, and both believeRead MoreThe American Public School System960 Words   |  4 Pagesan establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hamilton et al., n.d.) The Supreme Court ruled that Pennsylvania’s Non-public Elementary and Secondary Education Act was unconstitutional and violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. After 1963, public schools had to adhere to the Lemon test, which states that any practice sponsored in such schools must adhere to three criteria: have a secular purpose, neither advance nor inhibit religion, and must not resultRead MoreA Comparative Study Of Voltaire s And Moliere s Views On Religion Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparative Study of Voltaire s and Molià ¨re s Views on Religion in Candide and Tartuffe Literary works regularly uncover their creators perspectives on specific social issues. Hypocrite (1669), a play by Molià ¨re, and Candide (1759), a philosophical story by Voltaire, both manage the subject of religion in the public eye. Fraud is a parody on the states of mind of the bourgeoisie toward religion in seventeenth-century France. Molià ¨re immovably puts stock in reli gious balance and denounces religious

Thesis Comparing Scarlet Letter And Guilt Essay free essay sample

Thesis Comparing Scarlet Letter And Guilt Essay, Research Paper Many felons today serve their clip in prison and are so set free. Most of them go on to perpetrate other offenses, without larning the lesson their penalty was meant to learn. the worst penalty possible is anguish and to populate with 1s ain guilt. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is punished by holding to stnd on a scaffold for three hours and holding to have on a vermilion missive on her chest. After a piece she feels no guilt and goes on about her life. Peoples in the community forget about it excessively. Roger Chillingsworth asks, # 8220 ; Is Hester Prynne the less suffering, believe you, for that vermilion missive on her chest? # 8221 ; ( Hawthorne 132 ) . Dimmesdale on the other manus, has to populate with his guilt. He is mentally troubled and his guilt lasts the remainder of his life. Peoples today have no fright about what might go on to them if they commit a offense. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis Comparing Scarlet Letter And Guilt Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They serve their clip and gaol and are so set free. That is why there is so much offense where we live. For illustration many people in the Mafia are caught and travel to imprison. Most of them do non travel for their full life but for a twosome of old ages. When they do acquire out of prison they are still in the Mafia. The lone thing they learn from being in prison is to cover their paths up better. Peoples sh ould pay for what they do and be punished decently. For illustration, if a adult male rapes a adult female he should be castrated. This manner people would hold fright and non commit offenses. Anguish is besides a better penalty instead so decease. When a individual dies they don # 8217 ; t wage for what they have done, they merely die. When they live with hurting, they pay for it. For illustration, a individual whose havds were cut off for stealing something would endure much more that a individual who was rapidly killed. The lone top of being sent to prison is that people are tortured at that place. Many of the work forces who are sent there are raped by other work forces. The recent film Dead Man Walking, was a true narrative about a adult male that was given the decease punishment fro ravishing a miss and killing both her and her fellow. He should non hold been killed but alternatively tortured. He could non take his guilt that subsequently he confessed in cryings. There are many ways a individual can be punished. The manner our society punishes felons today is non effectual. We need to alter out ways of penalty to more fearful ways that really teach felons what they are making incorrect. The best manner to penalize a individual is torture and to allow them populate with there ain guilt. . Hawthorne, Nathaniel. THE SCARLETT LETTER. Penguin Books Canada Limited: Markham Ontario. 1959

Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club Essay Example

Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club Essay Joining a Health and Fitness Club This experiment was conducted in order to find the physiological and psychological effects of joining a health and fitness club. Three hypothesess were studied and investigated. They were Males are fitter than females, Older people will visit the health club more, and There will be a link between self-image and depression. Tests conducted were the coopers twelve minute run to test for vo2 max, Goldbergs depression test, and the egoschool self awareness test. There was also a tally to see how many times older people visit the health club compared to younger people. It was found that males are fitter than females, older people dont visit the health club more than younger people, and that there is a link between self-image and depression. Introduction This study was performed in order to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of joining a health and fitness club. Three hypotheses were looked at during the study to investigate this. People join health clubs for many different reasons. Reasons include, to improve the way we look, to increase self confidence, and for social factors. The main reason however is usually to improve ones fitness. Fitness can be defined by using vo2 max, which in turn can be defined as The maximum rate at which oxygen is consumed during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion. (Davis, Bull, Roscoe 2000) Individuals vo2 max can vary significantly. A trained individuals oxygen consumption will be much less than that of an untrained individual if they both did the same exercise. An individuals vo2 max depends on the capacity of that particular persons cardiovascular system. Therefore, it is said that the cardiovascular capacity determines vo2 max, which in turn determines fitness. We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All individuals and groups of people will have different fitness levels. Two different groups which generally have great physiological differences are men and women. At a young age girls mature earlier than boys, which means that girls are generally physically stronger than boys during their early life. One of the reasons for this is that girls reach puberty between the age of ten and thirteen, whereas boys dont reach puberty until the age of twelve to fifteen. This explains why girls are usually more physically stronger and skilled than boys at this young age. However, after puberty it is usually men who are physically stronger. This is because during puberty males grow for longer, to be precise 10% taller and 17% heavier. Also, muscle mass grows greatly in males during puberty. Once adolescence has been reached, the average male is stronger and bigger than the average women. Males also have larger hearts which gives them a greater oxygen transport capacity. Males also have higher haemoglobin content, which gives them a higher oxygen carrying capacity. (Brooks, Fahey, White, and Baldwin 2000) All these facts lead to one of this studies hypothesi ss which is males will be fitter than females. The next hypothesis looked at in this study involved the different age groups visiting the health club. Ageing is something that happens to everyone, and it is something that contributes largely to deteriorating an individuals physiological capacity. Ageing contributes to this deteriorating physiological capacity in many different ways. One physiological factor of ageing is an increase in resting pulse due to decrease in stroke volume. A reduction in cardiac muscle fibre size also causes an increase in resting heart rate and a reduced maximum heart rate. This in turn causes a reduction in maximal cardiac output and hence vo2 max leading to a reduced capacity to deliver oxygen to muscle sites at maximal effort. A persons vo2 max declines at a rate of 10% per decade, starting in late teens, for inactive males and females. Another physiological factor of ageing is that heart rate recovers slower due to an oxygen debt taking longer to remove than in younger people due to a lower rate of blood-flow, and hence a lower oxygen carrying capacity to working muscles. There is also a reduction in lung capacity. The population is older than ever before due to life expectancy being at an all time high. This means that there are many older people involved in exercise. It has been stated that leading causes of death are related to lifestyle, therefore many take up exercise in a belief it will keep them healthier for longer. This is because exercise helps keeps the body healthier and younger. The main physiological factors of exercise on ageing are that exercise gives an individual improved pulmonary functioning, improved cardiovascular functioning, maintenance of strength and hypertrophy, reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, reduced risk of injury, and an increased ability to perform routine tasks in daily life. (Davis et al) Exercise also helps the body fight off diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, and some cancers. Strength training is very popular amongst older people as it helps prevent bone loss, which reduces the risk of fractures. (Brooks et al) As many older people or people pushing towards middle age know that lifestyle can relate to early death, it can be said that older people have more reason to exercise than younger people. This leads to the second hypothesis in this study which is, Older people will visit the health club more. The final hypothesis in this study researched into self-image and depression In a culture pre occupied with physical appearance, mainly due to the media, self image has become of huge importance. Self image normally involves three concepts that an individual has of themselves. They are, the image you have of the way you look, how much you value yourself, and what you wish you were really like. Self image is the description you would give of the person that you know you are. (Davenport 1995) Another important factor of self image is an individuals body image. This links in to the reasons why people go to a health club, as many visit them to improve their body image. Another factor affecting someones self image is what people say to us, and the way people react to us. Depression is a clinical observation and is one of the most common mood disturbances in all individuals. (Rosenburg 1965) Many people suffer from depression. It is caused by an imbalance of chemicals, and it is not something that can be cured at the click of a finger. Millions of people have depression, and the economic cost of depression is estimated at around 20 billion English sterling, but the cost of human suffering cannot be estimated. There is a link between exercise and depression, where research suggests that exercise effectively reduces depression. In a study run by La Fontaine, Di Lorenzo, Frensch, Stucky-Ropp, Bargmen, and Mcdonald (1992) they found exercise to be such an effective anti depressant that they quoted If exercise could be packed into a pill it would be the single most widely prescribed and beneficial medicine in the nation. This information may show up in the results, in a form such as the more times an individual visits the health club, the less depressed they are. As well as links between depression and exercise, there are said to be links between self-image and depression. It is true that even mild depression can cause a reduction in self esteem, and therefore self-image. It can also be said that if someone has a high self-image, they are likely to have a low level of depression. This is what leads us into the studies final hypothesis which is There will be a relationship between self-image and depression. Method The first measurements recorded were the heights and weight of the sixty participants. The participants weights were measured on an accurate pair of scales. The units used were kilograms. After their weight had been recorded, their height was taken. This was done using a height measuring scale which was connected to the wall. The units used for the participants height was metres and centimetres. After this, each participants fitness was measured. This was done by obtaining all of the participants vo2 max. This was performed by having the participants do the coopers twelve minute run. This was performed on a 400 metre running track. The idea was for each participant to run as fast as they could for twelve continuous minutes around the track. After the twelve minutes was up, the distance ran was measured. This could then be put into an equation and used to calculate the participants vo2 max. The equation used to work this out was (distance covered 504.9 / 44.73.) The coopers twelve minute run is a reliable test as long as the participants run to their maximum, the track is of correct distance, and the stopwatch is reliable. All of this was ensured before the test. Another measurement that had to be taken for this study was the amount of times the participants visited the health club. This was recorded in the form of a tally chart, where each participant had a mark next to their name each time they visited the health club. The sixty participants were set up into young and old categories in order to see if one of the hypothesiss was correct. Out of the sixty participants, 32 were in the old category, and 28 were in the young category. The next factor measured was each participants depression level. This was done using Goldbergs depression test. In this test there are eighteen statements where the participant had to answer with one of five options which were, not at all, only slightly, partly, quite a lot, a lot, and to a great extent. An example of one of the statements is I feel like a failure. Once all the statements had been answered with a response, a score out of ten was given to each participant. Self-image was the final factor to be measured. This was done by using the Egoschool self awareness test. This involved twelve pairs of statements being from one extreme to another, with a scale of eight in between. An example of one of the pairs of statements was I am not self confident at one end of the scale, and I am self confident at the other end. Once all statements had been answered each participant was given a score out of 100.

No limit on immigrants essays

No limit on immigrants essays If the freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter. ¡ George Washington said these true and wise words at the time America was born. Carefully, our great American heroes of the past planned out the details of our nation that we now live in. The freedom of speech, as Washington mentioned, is one of the most important freedoms that we, as Americans, take pride in. Without it, we would not have the opportunities we have today to speak our minds. However, not all countries give its citizens these kinds of rights. I believe that the U.S. shouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t limit the number of immigrants coming to America because the immigrants ¡Ã‚ ¯ descendents would have better lives, more contributions could be made, and the immigrants could benefit from the freedom and equality that exists in America. Immigrants coming to the U.S. have one desire in their hearts. They want their children and future generations of their family to have a better childhood than they did. When my parents emigrated from China in 1996, they could hardly believe that they saw children outdoors, playing football and going to movies in America, while on the other side of the world, Chinese kids were staying up until midnight, studying for high school entrance exams. In the current Chinese school system, few straight-A students go to high school, and even fewer attend college. Often, when I come home, complaining about too much schoolwork, my parents tease me. But deep down, I can feel that they are truly glad that I can enjoy my childhood. My parents are proud that I can participate in sports and extracurricular activities as well as academics here in America. Many immigrants coming to the United States may be able to contribute to the country. Taking their cultures and adding onto America ¡Ã‚ ¯s, the U.S. will have a better grasp of what living in other parts of the world is like. Many current leaders of our country have...

Robert Hooke and the Coil Spring

Robert Hooke and the Coil Spring Robert Hooke was perhaps the single greatest experimental scientist of the 17th century, responsible for developing a concept hundreds of years ago that would result in coil springs that are still used widely today. About Robert Hooke   Hooke actually considered himself a philosopher, not an inventor. Born in 1635 on England’s Isle of Wight, he studied classics in school, then went on to Oxford University where he worked as an assistant to Thomas Willis, a physician. Hooke became a member of the Royal Society and is credited with discovering cells.   Hooke was peering through a microscope one day in 1665 when he noticed pores or cells  in a piece of cork tree. He decided these were containers for the â€Å"noble juices† of the substance he was inspecting. He assumed at the time that these cells were unique to plants, not to all living matter, but he is nonetheless given credit for discovering them. The Coil Spring Hooke conceived of what would become known as â€Å"Hooke’s Law 13 years later in 1678. This premise explains the elasticity of solid bodies, a discovery which led to the development of tension increasing and decreasing in a spring coil. He observed that when an elastic body is subjected to stress, its dimension or shape changes in proportion to the applied stress over a range. On the basis of his experiments with springs, stretching wires and coils, Hooke stated a rule between extension and force which would become known as Hooke’s Law: Strain and the relative change in dimension is proportional to stress. If the stress applied to a body goes beyond a certain value known as the elastic limit, the body does not return to its original state once the stress is removed. Hookes law applies only in the region below the elastic limit. Algebraically, this rule has the following form: F kx. Hookes Law would eventually become the science behind coil springs.  He died in 1703, never having married or had children. Hooke’s Law Today Automobile suspension systems, playground toys, furniture and even retractable ballpoint pens employ springs these days. Most have an easily predicted behavior when force is applied. But someone had to take Hooke’s philosophy and put it to use before all these useful tools could be developed. R. Tradwell received the first patent for a coil spring in 1763 in Great Britain. Leaf springs were all the rage at the time, but they required significant maintenance, including regular oiling. The coil spring was much more efficient and  less squeaky.   It would be almost another hundred years before the first coil spring made of steel found its way into furniture: It was used in an armchair in 1857.

The Effects That Tech has on diff Gens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Effects That Tech has on diff Gens - Essay Example With these unstable effects of technology on existing two different generations, a controversial issue whether technology is a blessing or a curse arouse interest. In recent years, evolution of modern technology has increased dramatically. Young people today considered this world being transformed by technology as a better place to live in. Computers, for example, spare us from wearisome and time-consuming tasks. Instead, it enable us to buy and bank conveniently online, and help us to keep in touch with our friends and loved ones easily through emails, voice mail, or video link. Computer has taken a prominent role in molding the young minds of this modern generation. But on the other side, there’s the older generation that questions the emphasis given to modern technology as an alternative to traditional way of performing some tasks and for social interaction. Few among them, though, would rather prefer to go back to the comparatively crude products of yesteryear. One of thei r major concerns is the bad effects on their health. Modern inventions have changed the way they do things, and many laborious works have become more bearable that contribute to a sedentary life-style in large segments of the population. Therefore, the older generation owed some health problems such as heart disease to modern technology. In this case, would technology be a curse, more than a blessing? . As children, they watched the horror series Chucky in Betamax format, but now, these series can be viewed online through the Internet, or bought in CD or DVD format. Generation Y has experienced large changes in technology, so they have learned to exploit it quite effortlessly. However, they have become quite dependent on technology to conduct significant tasks and to express their individuality (Kumar & Lim, 2008, p.570). Baby Boomers are more open to technology than older generations, but they tend to remain traditional in how they interact with others, especially their families (K umar & Lim, 2008, p.570). Technology has formed a generation gap, or symbolically, a technological wedge, between Baby Boomers and their Gen Y children. This problem has not been fully addressed yet because some people are taking for granted how technology negatively affects their families. These generations must find ways to bridge this gap without necessarily contradicting their interests and preferences in life. Without resolving this gap, generation clashes can result to family conflicts and unhappiness. Gen Y children and Baby Boomer parents can use technology as a bridge that can strengthen family ties through using it to develop better learning and communication strategies. Gen Y children use technology to do multitasking, while Baby Boomer parents employ technology to supplement their activities, but most of the latter prefer doing things the traditional way, and this difference in how technology is used can lead to a strong communication gap between them. Gen Y children dep end on technology to do several tasks at the same time, which makes them great multitaskers (Cekada, 2012, p.41), while Baby Boomers do not like doing many things altogether (Cekada, 2012, p.43). Baby Boomers clash with their children who prefer finishing tasks their way, while the former want them to do things the way they used to. Because of these differences in how they see their responsibilities, Gen Y children may overlook that their parents do tasks in a different way, thereby making them impatient in dealing with the

Molucca Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Molucca - Term Paper Example The great international interest on these islands brought about varied mixture of religions such as Protestants, Muslim, and Catholic. These religions brought their powerful local customs in the islands. Dutch exercised a huge influence over the islands until the Indonesia war of late 1940s. The Dutch enlisted Ambonese Christians to be solders in order to appease the Indonesian. In addition, the Dutch offered the Indonesians education. The Ambonese protected the Dutch against Java-based independence movement. After Indonesia gained independence in 1949, Ambonese strongly believed they would form and own their state. Therefore, they continued fighting for a Republic of South Moluccas before facing defeat in the year 1950. The defeat made thousands of Ambonese soldiers in the Dutch colonial army to flee to Netherlands (BBC 1). Location The location of these islands is highly tectonic Halmahera Plate within the Moluccas Sea Collision Zone in Indonesia. Moluccas islands lies east of Sula wesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and east and North of Timor. The islands cover about 74,505 square kilometers of land. Moluccas are located in the southeastern region of the Indonesian archipelago. This location is near equator and its north of Australia and West of West Papua. The provincial city for these islands is the Ambon. Ambon is a hub of communication, trade, and other crucial services (Laksito 1). Web. http://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/3e1994f4c5.gif. These islands experience many volcanic eruptions. The soils of these islands are fertile with humid climate, which is beneficial for cultivation of spices such as cloves and nutmeg. Moluccas islands consist of two provinces. These include North Maluku (Maluku Utara) and Maluku. The main islands of North Maluku comprise of Halmahera, Bacan, Morotai, and Obi. Many of the Moluccas islands are mountainous. However, Tanimbar and Aru islands lie in swampy and low areas. Earthquakes are very frequent in Moluccas islands (Laksito 3). Place Moluccas lies Southeast Asia at a coordinates of 3Â ° 9’S 129Â ° 23’E. Astronomical location of Moluccas encompasses 6Â °08’north and 11Â °15’ south latitude. Similarly, the island lies 94Â °45’ to 141Â °05’ east longitude. Moluccas have an area about 32,000 square miles. Most of these islands have thick forests with active volcanoes. Seram is among distinctive islands in the Moluccas with 16 of more than 200 bird species endemic. This island is important habitant of biggest birds such as the two-watted cassowary. The Halmahera rain forests have large number of endemic species. Some of species include Bisa rat, masked flying fox, wild goats, parrots, and three species of cuscus. Moluccas’s flora comprise of meranti trees and varieties of orchids. The average population is less than 1.7 million people. This represents a 19 people per square kilometer. However, the distribution of people in this island is uneven (Laksito 2). Movement The main mode of movement in Moluccas islands comprise of air and sea transport. These mode of transport link different regions of the island together. Sea transport has been the hub of sea transport since ancient times. This has enabled the islands to trade with overseas countries such as Middle East, China, and India. Sea transport in Moluccas islands is very crucial because it is not only beneficial to the region itself, but also it benefits neighboring countries such ad Australia. Australia uses Moluccas as a heart for sea transport. The bulk of transport in

Roman Fever Essay Example for Free

Roman Fever Essay In the short story â€Å"Roman Fever† we see a pattern in the lives of the women. I like to call this destructive passion. Destructive passion can be put into a literal term of passion itself. â€Å"Passion in itself is an emotion applied to a strong feeling about a person or thing. † (Merriam-Webster online) This also means that passion can be known has having a strong desire towards something or someone. Intense passion in the forms of love, fear, vengefulness, enmity, and jealousy poisons the relationship between Alida Slade and Grace Ansley. We can also see this pattern how it unfolded with Grace’s Great-aunt and how it could possibly unfold with Grace and Alida’s daughters. First we can unfold the destructive behavior of the Great-aunt. â€Å"Oh yes; Great –aunt Harriet. The one who was supposed to have sent her young sister out to the Forum after sunset to gather a night blooming flower for her album. All of our great-aunts and grandmothers used to have albums of dried flowers† (Gwynn 99) Here is where we first encounter a history of deceit and destructive behavior that rises from the form of passion for love of another. â€Å"Mrs. Slade nodded. †But she really sent her because they were in love with the same man-â€Å"(Gwynn 99) We now begin to unravel the destructive actions that Alida has towards Grace. This cycle is starting to pan out for each generation. We have the story of the great-aunt being passed sown to Alida and Grace and undoubtedly will be passed to Jenny and Barbara of their mothers deceit and passion for the same man. In the following exert from the short story we see the passion of hatred unfold from the past of the great-aunt to the past of Alida and Grace. â€Å"Well, that was the family tradition. They say Aunt Harriet confessed it years afterward. At any rate, the poor little sister caught the fever and died. Mother used to frighten us with the story when we were children. †(Gwynn 99) We can take two meanings from the word fever. We can take the literal term of it being the sickness of it physically and she died from that. Or we can take the meaning metaphorically and say she died of the fever of passion and caught her death in that way. In either aspect you have the ideal of passion unfolding the deceit, hatred, and jealousy one has for another’s so called â€Å"possessions†. We can now unfold the complete jealousy and destructive passion between the two women. â€Å"And you frightened me with it, that winter when you and I were here as girls. The winter I was engaged to Delphin. † Here we have the beginning of the passion forming a rift between the two friends. They loved the same man. One was willing to go the extra length to have the other out of the picture. Right now we only see it as a threat but Alida takes it to the next level. First, Grace falls in love with Alida’s fiance, Delphin. Out of fear of losing Delphin and out of a desire for revenge, Alida executes a plot exposing Grace to an evening chill that sickens her and isolates her from Delphin. Alida Slade forges a letter to lure Grace Ansley to the Colosseum. The whole reason behind this is to give her the â€Å"Roman Fever† and have her out of her and Delphins life forever. Little did Alida know that Grace responded to that letter and Delphin met her anyway. Because of Alida’s destructive passion for Delphin she did the one thing she feared. She pushed the two closer together and the consummated their love. In this consummation they produced a child. This is a forever haunt to Alida by the end of the story. So know we are faced with the unknown with the two girls of Alida and Grace. Barbara and Jenny now have a chance to break the cycle of the women before them but can they? The parallels between all of the women are substantial but none more so then Jenny and Barbara. Barbara is funny and smart and very vivacious like Alida was. She is not like her mother Grace. On the other hand you have Jenny, who is beautiful, quiet, and ordinary like Grace. But Jenny is nothing like her mother Alida. Both girls are receiving the attentions of young men, as their mothers did twenty-five years before. Barbara is likely to become the fiancee of a promising bachelor, according to Alida. She muses that Babs would almost certainly come back engaged to the extremely eligible Campolieri. (Gwynn 98) Twenty-five years before, Alida herself was engaged to a promising bachelor. Here is the promising of the cycle repeating itself. We have the right setting and the same scenario starting all over again. It seems as if Rome itself can be such a passionate city but also have destruction in its nature. Add to these parallels this circumstance: As daughters of Delphin Slade, Barbara and Jenny are half-sisters. This fact is significant in relation to the story about Graces Great-Aunt Harriet. While competing for a man with her own sister, she deliberately tricked the girl into exposing herself to Roman fever. Thus we now have the full circle of the past repeating itself over and over again. We also have at the heart of it passion. The destructive part comes into play when you will see what a person is willing to do in order to keep the feeling alive. It results in selfishness and a destruction of friendships and relationships on the whole. We can now connect the meaning of â€Å"Roman Fever† with the meaning of destructive passion. Grace acquired Roman fever figuratively when she burned with love for Alidas fiance, Delphin. Alida developed the fever figuratively when Graces love for Delphin fired her with hate for Grace and a desire to get even by writing the letter. Alida later suffered the fever when she became intensely jealous of Graces daughter. Roman fever simmers secretly within both women for the next twenty-five years. This revelation is the heart of what destructive passion is capable of and how the cycle can be passed on.

Descartes to Kant: The Existence of God †A Very Brief History :: Philosophy, God

The subsequent essay will cover a short history of the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), covers Descartes’ view on the existence of God. Following this, in (2), I consider G.W. Leibniz’s view and George Berkeley’s view is explored in (3). These first three philosophers undeniably believe God exists. The remainder of the essay covers three additional philosophers whose views on the existence of God are less certain. These philosophers include John Locke covered in section (4), David Hume in (5) and, lastly, Immanuel Kant in (6). (1) Holding strong Catholic beliefs, Descartes, without a doubt believed in the existence of God. Descartes makes this clear in the beginning of Meditations on First Philosophy. He writes that we must â€Å"believe in God’s existence because it is taught in the Holy Scriptures, and, conversely, that we must believe in the Holy Scriptures because they have come from God† (Descartes 1). Later, however, within the Third Meditation, Descartes considers the existence of God. In his search for absolute certainty, he initially writes, â€Å"I do not yet sufficiently know if there is even a God† (Descartes, 25). In other words, Descartes does not initially know if God exists with certainty. He then deliberates â€Å"whether there is a God† (25). Even though he questions God’s existence, Descartes still has an innate idea of God; a substance that is an â€Å"infinite, independent, supremely intelligent and supremely powerful† perfect being who cr eated everything (30). As a result, he concludes that because of his innate idea of God, (which was not conjured by Descartes of drawn from the senses), it must therefore be God who â€Å"is the cause of this idea† (25). Moreover, because Descartes exists with an idea of God, he concludes that God must also exist. He explicitly states this in the following: â€Å"I have no choice but to conclude that the mere fact of my existing is and of there being in me an idea of a most perfect being, that is God, demonstrates most evidently that God too exists† (34). Descartes then continues, suggesting that it is â€Å"highly plausible† that he is somehow made in the image and likeness of his creator (35). After this, Descartes continues the meditations basing many other things on the existence of God. But, in the Fifth Meditation, Descartes claims to provide a proof demonstrating the existence of God.

Caterpillar Management Structure

Caterpillar Management Structure Caterpillar is a corporate governance structure where the Chairman of the board acts as the CEO. The Board of Directors is a group of independent non-employee directors that are chosen from outside of the company. Many of the group presidents report to the CEO, which makes the vice-presidents report to each group president. The Board consists of 14 directors and is divided into three classes for the benefit of election. The Board has four committees which are Audit, Compensation, Governance, and Public Policy. The Board adopted Guidelines on Corporate Governance Issues and that reflect the Board’s commitment to oversee the policy functioning as well as all decision-making. These guidelines are for both the board and management level, with a view to enhancing stockholder value for the long term benefit. The average age of the Board of Directors is currently sixty three. Caterpillar uses change management and 6 Sigma which is used to both prioritize and guide the improvement of health and safety performance. Caterpillar established procedures to encourage facilities to improve employee safety by utilizing the Vision Zero program. Each facility conducts annual reviews of its safety programs and reports these results to the facility manager. Facility management is responsible for the establishment of objectives, goals, metrics, and targets for the facility’s safety process and providing resources and authority to facility staff. Managers and employees are to use the SMART goals that are identified, tracked, and rewarded at each facility. All front-line leaders discuss safety with employees on a daily basis and all supervisors hold formal weekly safety meetings. The behavior of all employees is governed by a Code of Worldwide Business Conduct whereas management employees are retested on this code annually. Caterpillar’s code of ethics is called Our Values in Action. Integrity, Excellence, Commitment and Teamwork are the core values identified in the code and are the foundation for Caterpillar’s corporate strategy. The code applies to all members of the board and to management and employees worldwide. It documents the high ethical standards that Caterpillar has upheld since its formation in 1925. The values of Caterpillar are centralized throughout the entire organization. Caterpillar’s hiring practice is designed to assess the skills and talents of all applicants to compare to the jobs they have available. There are four phases to the hiring process, which are: Completion of an application and forms, testing, invitation for an interview, and job offer. Caterpillar’s compensation package represents their employees’ contributions to the success of the company and the investment in their financial security. They have a highly competitive salary structure which is designed to attract, retain and motivate the valuable employees whose contributions help the company succeed year after year. There are two primary components which define Caterpillar’s compensation philosophy: Pay for Performance and Pay at Risk. As and employee’s responsibility increases, so does the proportional amount of â€Å"at risk† pay. In addition to the base salary, Caterpillar offers incentive plans and gain-sharing plans that give employees the opportunity to impact their compensation for achieving targeted corporate and business unit results.

Professional Regulation and Criminal Liability Essay

The trust and care of patients to health care providers has been on the decline for several decades (David A. Thom, 2004) Crimes committed by health care professionals, occur at all levels. Patients are more involved with their care, due to more accessible resources on the internet. Patients can research their physician criminal charges. The internet allows the patients to obtain health care information. In addition, the burden is on the health care providers. Although health care providers are aware they can review the criminal history, negligence still occurs. Despite the awareness of patient and health care providers, health care crimes, such as narcotics, are ongoing. This paper will discuss health care professional regulation and criminal liability. Health Care Professional Neurologist A Neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of the nervous systems, the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). Dr. Lambry, a neurologist from Kaiser Permanente, stated â€Å"It takes approximately 12 years to complete your education, pre-med and internship.† The first step for potential neurologist is get a science degree, which averages three to four years (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). In their junior year, neurologist must take and pass the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), which is a standardized exam required for admission by all medical schools (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). Once they pass the MCAT, neurologist must submit an application to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). AAMC operates the American Medical College Application Service and the Electronic Residency Application Service and AACOM provides  services to its members, collects data and operates the online application for students (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). Next is medical school, on the average medical school takes four years. The school must be accredited by Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). LCME is an accrediting body for educational programs at the schools of medicine (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). The first two years focus on coursework and the last two is rotation through medical specialties. Once complete they will be prepared to become board certified neurologist. This will earn them, their M.D. degree. According to Chron neurologist must complete part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). USMLE is a multi-part examination and physicians must pass this examination before they can practice medicine. The final step is the internship with other senior neurologist. At the end of the internship, neurologist will have to take another part of the USMLE, so they can practice un-supervised. Neurologist must complete additional training on the area they are going specialize in. Areas include brain injury, sleep disorders, pain disorders, vascular neurology, epilepsy, hospice and palliative medicine, neurodevelopment disorders (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). Another certification needs to be completed by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). ABPN promotes excellence in practice, certification and maintenance of certification process (American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, 2014). Each state has its own medical board that controls licensing of physicians, so they can practice medicine (Medical Law and Ethics, 2012). The Florida Board of Medicine will license, discipline and rehabilitate physicians, so that they are fit and competent for the public. Practicing medicine in Florida, is a privilege (Florida Board of Medicine, 2014)).† Identify the civil complaint process for patients of suspected professional incompetence The medical board receives and reviews complaints on physicians from patients, staff and other physicians. The first step is to file a complaint in writing to the medical board. The next step is to identify the alleged misconduct or incompetence. Some examples are refusing service because of age, sex or race. Misconduct and incompetence allegations are kept confidential, due to the seriousness. These allegations are serious and must have strong evidence of a violation, before a hearing can be held  (Florida Board of Medicine, 2014). The regulatory agencies investigating allegations, determining, applying disciplinary action The medical board will investigate complaints about the physician. If founded, it will take any disciplinary action needed. The following are types of complaints that a physician can be discipline for: substandard care, prescribing issues, sexual misconduct, impairment, unlicensed practice, unprofessional conduct and office practice issues. The board will not provide any legal advice to either the physician or his/her legal representative (Florida Board of Medicine, 2014). Identify criminal liabilities for the health care professional Complaints that involve a patient death or serious bodily injury caused by the physician are given the highest priority and forwarded to the law enforcement agency in that jurisdiction. These complaints are given the highest priority, due to criminal charges. The board will provide the physician with sufficient notice of any charges and then perform a thorough i nvestigation of the charges (Medical Law and Ethics, 2012). Criminal cases for a physician begin when they are accused of breaking the law. A physician found guilty of criminal charges will have their licensed suspended or revoked, with possible fines and possible prison time. Risk management strategies and quality assurance program to reduce the risk negligence Risk management strategies are monitored by the Agency for Health Care Administration for the State of Florida. It provides reports, tracks, trending and problem resolution for health care providers and facilities. This regulatory agencies, also provides education and training for doctors and their staff. This is to make sure they are in state compliance with rules and regulations (Office of Risk Management and Patient Safety, 2014). Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has such policies that must be followed by doctors and staff for patient right to privacy and confidentiality. Health care professionals must comply and follow rules and regulations (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 2014). The federal, state and local agencies are the oversight of all health care providers and health care clinics, hospitals and outpatient care. When the agencies receives a complaint, it is forwarded to the proper licensed board for an investigation into the claim. If there is a violation, the board will take all disciplinary actions, to include; reprimands, fines, training and education or loss of licensed to  practice. The quality assurance program for the state of Florida is maintained by the Florida Health Department. It provides quality and variety activities that control the entry and ongoing performance of health facilities and physicians. There is continuous improvement activities to measure and improve patient care (Florida Health, 2014) The process for criminal charges for the described criminal behavior A physician can have their license taken or suspended for professional criminal charges. A case of criminal charges start when a physician is accused of breaking the law. One of the major problems is the unauthorized prescribing of narcotics. A Florida physician criminal charge was of professional, it included falsifying three applications for Drug Enforcement and Administration (DEA) and unauthorized prescriptions for controlled substance, in which it lead to a drug overdose of a patient. Diversion Control a department within DEA, is to prevent, detect and investigate controlled drugs, while ensuring legitimate medical needs. His licensed were revoked immediately and denied for reinstatement, as recently as November 2014 (United States Department of Justice, 2014). Conclusion Heath care professionals, are expected to have professional manner at all times. Physicians diagnose, treat illnesses, disease, injuries and save lives. Patients file malpractice or negligence suits against physicians. Although health care providers are aware they can review the criminal history, negligence still occurs. This brings to a conclusion on how professional regulation and criminal liability is addressed by the Florida Board of Medicine. The medical board receives and reviews complaints on physicians from patients, staff and other physicians. The medical board will investigate complaints about the physician. Criminal cases for a physician begin when they are accused of breaking the law. A physician can have their license taken or suspended for professional criminal charges. The regulatory agencies, also provides education and training for doctors and their staff. References American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. (2014). Retrieved from American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology: http://www.abpn.com/ Bonnie F. Fremgen, P. (2012). Medical Law and Ethics. Prentice Hall. Complaint Information. (2012). Retrieved from The Medical Board of California: http://www.mbc.ca.gov/ David A. Thom, M. A. (2004, July). Measuring Patients’ Trust In Physicians When Assessing Quality of Care. Retrieved from Health Affairs: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/23/4/124.full.pdf+html Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist. (2014). Retrieved from Educational Portal: http://education-portal.com/articles/Become_a_Neurologist_Step-by-Step_Career_Guide.html Florida Board of Medicine. (2014, October 15). Retrieved from Florida Board of Medicine: http://flboardofmedicine.gov/ Florida Health. (2014). Retrieved from Florida Health Department: http://www.floridahealth.gov/index.html Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. (2014). Retrieved from United States Department of Health and Human Services: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/p rivacy/ Office of Diversion Control. (2014). Retrieved from United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration: http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/actions/2014/fr1118.htm Office of Risk Management and Patient Safety. (2014). Retrieved from Agency for Health Care Administration: http://ahca.myflorida.com/SCHS/RiskMgtPubSaftey/RiskManagement.shtml

Life of Itc Essay Example

Life of Itc Essay Example Life of Itc Essay Life of Itc Essay It employs over 29,000 people at more than 60 locations across India and is listed on Forbes 2000. ITC Limited completed 100 years on 24 August 2010. ITC has operations in the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) industry, Hotels, Paperboards amp; Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agri-Business and Information Technology. While ITC is a market leader in its businesses of Hotels, Paperboards, Packaging, Agri-Exports and Cigarettes, it is rapidly gaining market share even in its nascent businesses of Packaged Foods amp; Confectionery, Branded Apparel, Personal Care and Stationery.Meera Shankar joined the board of ITC Ltd as the first women director in its history. She is an additional non-executive director of the company. [4][5] Contents * 1 History * 2 List of products amp; brands * 3 Rural initiatives * 4 Corporate philanthropy * 5 Forbes ranking * 6 Products * 6. 1 Foods * 6. 2 Lifestyle Retailing * 6. 3 Personal Care * 6. 4 Education and Stationery * 6. 5 Hotels * 7 References * 8 External links History ITC was formed on 24th August 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited.Later the name of the Company was changed from Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited to India Tobacco Company Limited in 1970 and then to I. T. C. Limited in 1974. ITC contains a wide range of businesses Cigarettes amp; Tobacco, Hotels, Information Technology, Packaging, Paperboards amp; Specialty Papers, Agri-business, Foods, Lifestyle Retailing, Education amp; Stationery and Personal Care . Finally the company changed its name to ITC Limited’ on September 2001. The earlier decades of the Companys activities centred around the tobacco industry.In the Seventies it started to launch other businesses. In 1975 the Company launched its Hotels business with the acquisition of a hotel in Chennai which was rechristened ITC-Welcomgroup Hotel Chola. The objective of ITCs entry into the hotels business was rooted in the concept of creating value for the nation In 1979, ITC entered the Paperboard business by promoting ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards Limited, which today has become the market leader in India. [citation needed] In 1985, ITC set up Surya Tobacco Co. in Nepal as an Indo-Nepali and British joint venture.Since inception, its shares have been held by ITC, British American Tobacco and various independent shareholders in Nepal. In August 2002, Surya Tobacco became a subsidiary of ITC Limited and its name was changed to Surya Nepal Private Limited (Surya Nepal). Also in 1990, leveraging its tends to 10 states covering over 4 million farmers. ITCs first rural mall, christened Choupal Saagar was inaugurated in August 2004 at Sehore. On the rural retail front, 24 Choupal Saagars are now operational in the 3 states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. citation needed] In 2000, ITC forayed into the Greeting, Gifting and Stationery products business with the launch of Expressions range of greeting cards. A line of premium range of notebooks under brand Paperkraft was launched in 2002. To augment its offering and to reach a wider student population, the popular range of notebooks was launched under brand Classmate in 2003. Classmate over the years has grown to become India’s largest notebook brand and has also increased its portfolio to occupy a greater share of the school bag.Years 2007- 2009 saw the launch of Children Books, Slam Books, Geometry Boxes, Pens and Pencils under the Classmate brand. In 2008, ITC repositioned the business as the Education and Stationery Products Business and launched Indias first environment friendly premium business paper under the Paperkraft Brand. Paperkraft offers a diverse portfolio in the premium executive stationery and office consumables segment. Paperkraft entered new categories in the office consumable segment with the launch of Textliners, Permanent Ink Markers and White Board Markers in 2009. citation needed] ITC also entered the Lifestyle Retailing business with the Wills Sport range of international quality relaxed wear for men and women in 2000. The Wills Lifestyle chain of exclusive stores later expanded its range to include Wills Classic formal wear (2002) and Wills Clublife evening wear (2003). [citation needed] In 2000, ITC spun off its information technology business into a wholly owned subsidiary, ITC Infotech India Limited, to more aggressively pursue emerging opportunities in this area.Today ITC Infotech is one of India’s fastest growing global IT and IT-enabled services companies and has established itself as a key player in offshore outsourcing, providing outsourced IT solutions and services to leading global customers across key focus verticals Manufacturing, BFSI (Banking, Financial Services amp; Insurance), CPGamp;R (Consumer Packaged Goods amp; Retail), THT (Travel, Hospitality and Transportation) and Media amp; Entertainment. citation needed] ITCs foray into the Foods business is an outstanding example of successfully blending multiple internal competencies to create a new driver of business growth. It began in August 2001 with the introduction of Kitchens of India ready-to-eat Indian gourmet dishes. In 2002, ITC entered the confectionery and staples segments with the launch of the brands mint-o and Candyman confectionery and Aashirvaad atta (wheat flour). 2003 witnessed the introduction of Sunfeast as the Company entered the biscuits segment.ITCs entered the fast growing branded snacks category with Bingo! in 2007. In just over a decade, the Foods business has grown to a significant size with over 200 differentiated products under six distinctive brands, with an enviable distribution reach, a rapidly growing market share and a solid market standing. [citation needed] In 2002, ITCs philosophy of contributing to enhancing the competitiveness of the entire value chain found yet another expression in the Safety Matches initiative.ITC now markets popular safety matches brands like iKno, Mangaldeep, Aim, Aim Mega and Aim Metro. ITCs foray into the marketing of Agarbattis (incense sticks) in 2003 marked the manifestation of its partnership with the cottage sector. ITCs popular agarbattis brands include Spriha and Mangaldeep across a range of fragrances like Rose, Jasmine, Bouquet, Sandalwood, Madhur, Sambrani and Nagchampa. ITC introduced Essenza Di Wills, an exclusive range of fine fragrances and bath amp; body care products for men and women in July 2005.Continuing with its tradition of bringing world class products to Indian consumers the Company launched Fiama Di Wills, a premium range of Shampoos, Shower Gels and Soaps in September, October and December 2007 respectively. The Company also launched the Superia range of Soaps and Shampoos in the mass-market segment at select markets in October 2007 and Vivel De Wills amp; Vivel range of soaps in February and Vivel range of shampoos in June 2008. [citation needed] List of products amp; brands | It has been suggested that Classic filter kings be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2010. In FMCG, ITC has a strong presence in : * Cigarettes: W. D. amp; H. O. Wills, Gold Flake Kings, Gold Flake Premium,Gold Flake Super Star, Navy Cut, Insignia, India Kings, Classic (Verve, Menthol, Menthol Rush, Regular,Citric Twist, Mild amp; Ultra Mild), 555, Benson amp; Hedges, Silk Cut, Scissors, Capstan, Berkeley, Bristol, Lucky Strike, Players and Flake. * Foods: (Kitchens of India; Aashirvaad,Minto,Sunfeast,Candyman,Bingo,Yippee, Sunfeast Pasta brands in Ready to Eat, Staples, Biscuits, Confectionery, Noodles and Snack Foods); * Apparel: (Wills Lifestyle and John Players brands); Personal care: (Fiama di Wills; Vivel; Essenza di Wills; Superia; Vivel di Wills brands of products in perfumes, haircare and skincare)[6] * Stationery: (Classmate and PaperKraft brands) * Safety Matches and Agarbattis: [Ship (through ownership of WIMCO); iKno; Mangaldeep; Aim brands] Other businesses include: * Hotels: ITCs hotels (under brands including WelcomHotel) have evolved into being Indias second largest hotel chain with over 80 hotels throughout the co untry. ITC is also the exclusive franchisee in India of two brands owned by Sheraton International Inc. The Luxury Collection and Sheraton which ITC uses in association with its own brands in the luxury 5 star segment. Brands in the hospitality sector owned and operated by its subsidiaries include Fortune and WelcomeHeritage brands. * Paperboard, Specialty Paper, Graphic and other Paper; * Packaging and Printing for diverse international and Indian clientele. * Infotech (through its fully owned subsidiary ITC Infotech India Limited which is a SEI CMM Level 5 company) Rural initiatives ITCs Agri-Business is Indias second largest exporter of agricultural products.ITC is one of the Indias biggest foreign exchange earners (US $ 2 billion in the last decade). The Companys e-Choupal initiative is enabling Indian agriculture significantly enhance its competitiveness by empowering Indian farmers through the power of the Internet. This transformational strategy, which has already become the subject matter of a case study at Harvard Business School, is expected to progressively create for ITC a huge rural distribution infrastructure, significantly enhancing the Companys marketing reach. citation needed] The company places computers with Internet access in rural farming villages; the e-Choupals serve as both a social gathering place for exchange of information (choupal means gathering place in Hindi) and an e-commerce hub. What began as an effort to re-engineer the procurement process for soy, tobacco, wheat, shrimp, and other cropping systems in rural India has also created a highly profitable distribution and product design channel for the company- an e-commerce platform that is also a low-cost fulfillment system focused on the needs of rural India.The e-Choupal system has also catalyzed rural transformation that is helping to alleviate rural isolation, create more transparency for farmers, and improve their productivity and incomes. [citation needed] Corporate philant hropy ITC e-choupal creatively leverages information technology to set up a meta-market in favour of Indias small and poor farmers, who would otherwise continue to operate and transact in un-evolved markets. As of July 2010, services through 6500 Echoupal across 10 states, reach more than 4 million farmers in about 40,000 villages.Free access to Internet is also opening windows of rural India to the world at large. ITC e-choupal is now being regarded as a reliable delivery mechanism for resource development initiatives. Its potential is being tested through pilot projects in healthcare, educational services, water management and cattle health management with the help of several service providers including non-governmental organizations. Classmate notebooks were launched with the initiative of contributing 1 rupee towards the education of poor children,from every four notebooks it sold.Classmate, has launched a programme called Classmate Ideas for India challenge. The programme would be a part of the companys centenary initiative. [7] The nation-wide programme would invite ideas of the youth, who have the potential to transform India. Classmate Ideas for India challenge plans to reach out to 25 lakh students across 30 cities, 500 schools and 200 colleges across the country. [8] Forbes ranking ITC features on the Forbes Global 2000 rankings for 2007 at position 1256. [9] ITC is the only Indian FMCG company that features on the Forbes Global 2000 rankings for 2009 at position 987. 10] ITC also appeared on the Forbes Worlds Most reputable Companies List at position 95. [11] Products ITC brands include: Cigarette * Lucky Strike * Classic * Gold Flake * Navy Cut * Players * Scissors * Capstan * Berkeley * Bristol * Flake * Silk Cut * Duke amp; Royal Foods * Aashirvaad * Bingo! * Sunfeast * Mint-O * Candyman * Kitchens of India Lifestyle Retailing * Wills Lifestyle Personal Care * Essenza Di Wills * Vivel * Fiama Di Wills * Superia * Engage Deodorants Education and S tationery * Color Crew * Classmate(notebook) * Paperkraft Hotels * Official website * Hotels in DelhiReferences 1. ^ itcportal. com/about-itc/itc-profile/history-and-evolution. aspx 2. ^ History and Evolution of ITC Limited. ITC Limited. Retrieved 2007-09-23. 3. ^ itcportal. com/about-itc/profile/history-and-evolution. aspx 4. ^ ITC inducts Meera Shankar in its board as the first women ever. 2012-08-07. 5. ^ ITC Board of Directors. 2012-09-06. 6. ^ ITC Personal Care Products. 7. ^ ITC: Leading Multi-business conglomerate turns 100. The Economic Times. 2010-08-24. 8. ^ ITC launches Classmate Ideas challenge. Business Line. 2010-08-23. 9. ITC shifts media account to Madison from Lintas Read more: ITC shifts media account to Madison from Lintas The Times of India http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/ITC-shifts-media-account-to-Madison-from-Lintas/articleshow/6772430. cms#ixzz14ViJTAT3 10. ^ The Global 2000. Forbes. 2009-04-08. 11. ^ Kneale, Klaus (2009-05-06) . Worlds Most Reputable Companies: The Rankings. Forbes. External links | Companies portal| * Official website [show] * v * t * eITC Limited| | [show] * v * t * eBSE SENSEX companies of India| | [show] * v * t * eSamp;P CNX Nifty companies of India| [show] * v * t * eMajor Indian companies| | Categories: * BSE SENSEX * Samp;P CNX Nifty * Economy of Kolkata * Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange * Tobacco companies of India * Companies based in Kolkata * Companies established in 1790 * Organisations based in Kolkata Navigation menu * Create account * Log in * Article * Talk * Read * Edit * Edit source * View history - Top of Form Bottom of Form * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article * Donate to Wikipedia Interaction * Help * About Wikipedia Community portal * Recent changes * Contact page Toolbox Print/export Languages * Deutsch * ? * Francais * ? * ? * ? * ? * ? * ? * Edit links * This page was last modified on 24 July 2013 at 19:31. * T ext is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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The Theory of Relativity and the Speed of Light

The Theory of Relativity and the Speed of Light One commonly known fact in physics is that you cannot move faster than the speed of light. While thats basically true, its also an over-simplification. Under the theory of relativity, there are actually three ways that objects can move: At the speed of lightSlower than the speed of lightFaster than the speed of light Moving at the Speed of Light One of the key insights that Albert Einstein used to develop his theory of relativity was that light in a vacuum always moves at the same speed. The particles of light, or  photons, therefore move at the speed of light. This is the only speed at which photons can move. They cant ever speed up or slow down. (Note: Photons do change speed when they pass through different materials. This is how refraction occurs, but its the photons absolute speed in a vacuum that cannot change.) In fact, all of the bosons move at the speed of light, so far as we can tell. Slower Than the Speed of Light The next major set of particles (so far as we know, all of the ones that arent bosons) move slower than the speed of light. Relativity tells us that it is physically impossible to ever accelerate these particles fast enough to reach the speed of light. Why is this? It actually amounts to some basic mathematical concepts. Since these objects contain mass, relativity tells us that the equation kinetic energy of the object, based on its velocity, is determined by the equation: Ek m0(ÃŽ ³ - 1)c2Ek m0c2 / square root of (1 - v2/c2) - m0c2 Theres a lot going on in the above equation, so lets unpack those variables: ÃŽ ³ is the Lorentz factor, which is a scale factor that shows up repeatedly in relativity. It indicates the change in different quantities, such as mass, length, and time, when objects are moving. Since ÃŽ ³ 1 / / square root of (1 - v2/c2), this is what causes the different look of the two equations shown.m0 is the rest mass of the object, obtained when it has a velocity of 0 in a given frame of reference.c is the speed of light in free space.v is the velocity at which the object is moving. The relativistic effects are only noticeably significant for very high values of v, which is why these effects could be ignored for long before Einstein came along. Notice the denominator which contains the variable v (for velocity). As the velocity gets closer and closer to the speed of light (c), that v2/c2 term will get closer and closer to 1 ... which means that the value of the denominator (the square root of 1 - v2/c2) will get closer and closer to 0. As the denominator gets smaller, the energy itself gets larger and larger, approaching infinity. Therefore, when you try to accelerate a particle nearly to the speed of light, it takes more and more energy to do it. Actually accelerating to the speed of light itself would take an infinite amount of energy, which is impossible. By this reasoning, no particle that is moving slower than the speed of light can ever reach the speed of light (or, by extension, go faster than the speed of light). Faster Than the Speed of Light So what about if we did have a particle that moves faster than the speed of light. Is that even possible? Strictly speaking, it is possible. Such particles, called tachyons, have shown up in some theoretical models, but they almost always end up being removed because they represent a fundamental instability in the model. To date, we have no experimental evidence to indicate that tachyons do exist. If a tachyon did exist, it would always move faster than the speed of light. Using the same reasoning as in the case of slower-than-light particles, you can prove that it would take an infinite amount of energy to slow a tachyon down to light speed. The difference is that, in this case, you end up with the v-term being slightly greater than one, which means the number in the square root is a negative. This results in an imaginary number, and its not even conceptually clear what having an imaginary energy would really mean. (No, this is not dark energy.) Faster Than Slow Light As I mentioned earlier, when light goes from a vacuum into another material, it slows down. It is possible that a charged particle, such as an electron, can enter a material with sufficient force to move faster than light within that material. (The speed of light within a given material is called the phase velocity of light in that medium.) In this case, the charged particle emits a form of electromagnetic radiation thats become called Cherenkov radiation. The Confirmed Exception There is one way around the speed of light restriction. This restriction only applies to objects that are moving through spacetime, but its possible for spacetime itself to expand at a rate such that objects within it are separating faster than the speed of light. As an imperfect example, think about two rafts floating down a river at a constant speed. The river forks into two branches, with one raft floating down each of the branches. Though the rafts themselves are each always moving at the same speed, they are moving faster in relation to each other because of the relative flow of the river itself. In this example, the river itself is spacetime. Under the current cosmological model, the distant reaches of the universe is expanding at speeds faster than the speed of light. In the early universe, our universe was expanding at this rate, as well. Still, within any specific region of spacetime, the speed limitations imposed by relativity do hold. One Possible Exception One final point worth mentioning is a hypothetical idea put forth called variable speed of light (VSL) cosmology, which suggests that the speed of light itself has changed over time. This is an extremely controversial theory and theres little direct experimental evidence to support it. Mostly, the theory has been put forward because it has the potential to solve certain problems in the evolution of the early universe without resorting to inflation theory.

To what extent is children's well-being a priority in modern Western Essay

To what extent is children's well-being a priority in modern Western societies - Essay Example Inequalities have risen since the 1960s in the small group of OECD countries composed of the UK, USA, Australia and New Zealand. Despite data on this group of countries revealing a change in the trend in the 1990s, overall the proportion of children living in relative poverty has expanded (UNICEF, 2005). Bradshaw and Mayhew’s (2005) comprehensive report on the physical, cognitive, behavioural and emotional wellbeing of children in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, provides wide-ranging data on the various aspects. In the European Union, in 2002-2003, the fifth highest rate of relative child poverty was found in the United Kingdom where 28% of children lived in households with incomes below fifty percent of the average, after allocating for housing costs. Darton et al. (2003) observe that compared to the situation one generation ago, current poverty in the United Kingdom is most prevalent in households with children. ... Charting Children’s Well-Being in Modern Western Societies The Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted in 1989 formulated a new definition of childhood rooted in human rights. It called for the provision of essential goods and services towards the fulfillment of children’s rights to survival, health and education. The Convention also indicated â€Å"a growing recognition of the need to create a protective environment to shield children from exploitation, abuse and violence† (UNICEF, 2005, p.1). The harm caused by poverty, conflict, and HIV/ AIDS continues far beyond the years of childhood, raising the possibilities of the next generation being impacted by the same dangers, threatening the accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals aiming for a â€Å"world fit for children† (UNICEF, 2005, p.1). Child Poverty in Advanced Industrialised Nations The findings presented by the Innocenti Report Card (UNICEF, 2000) reveals that the rates of child pov erty in the world’s wealthiest nations range from 3% to over 25%; nearly 17% of the rich world’s children is living in poverty; and totally about 47 million children in the nations of the OECD live below the poverty lines of their nation. Further, â€Å"in the league table of relative child poverty, the bottom four places are occupied by the United Kingdom, Italy, the United States, and Mexico† (UNICEF, 2000, p.2). At the same time, in the league table of absolute child poverty, Spain, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland take up the four lowest positions. Brown (2012) argues that the indicators of child and youth wellbeing are crucial mechanisms for improving the lives of children. The main indicators of child wellbeing are in the areas of health,

Discuss the value of Homers Iliad for the historian Essay - 1

Discuss the value of Homers Iliad for the historian - Essay Example For instance, in book five of the lliad, Pylaimenes who happened to be the king of the Paphlagonians is killed. However, in book thirteen, he reappears mourning the death of his son. This is controversial to historians. Lastly, there exist different and varying interpretations given to particular passages of the lliad resulting into several theories about how the poem was written (Bryant, 21). The poem teaches that, in Greek traditional culture, god and goddesses are literary figures that are involved in man’s life, predicting his future and regularly impeding any endeavor for man to entirely forge his own life. Finally, characteristics of warriors as being courageous and fearless, is brought out. As to conclusion, Homer lived during the Greek Iron Age. However, throughout the lliad, he has made many remarks about weapons being made out of bronze. This clearly shows that the lliad took place during the Bronze Age, which was approximately in 13th century

Feeding People versus Saving Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feeding People versus Saving Nature - Essay Example For instance, humans are always looking forward to comfort which is the case why many inventions were invented from the past and at present time. On the other hand, he may be trying to emphasize that nature should not be sacrificed for the sake of achieving substantial human development because when nature falls; it would be for all humans because it is their life support system (Rolston 249). However, by simply understanding the statement of Rolston, it is clear that he admits there are times when human needs should be the first priority or sometimes the nature as top concern. After all, humans and nature coexist in which their ultimate goal is to move forward to the preservation of life. That is why Rolston acknowledges the importance of sustainable development and environmental protection. Based on the point of view of Rolston, it is clear that humans are just integral components of nature. The fact that we are sourcing all our needs from nature cannot deny the truth that we can d o nothing apart from it. In other words, we rely on nature all our needs. Now, on the issue whether we should not feed people first but save the nature instead, the argument may be based on identifying commendable values in human life. Finding which is more valuable between nature and the human life is, in fact, a very interesting topic to discuss. Â  Nature cannot be more valuable than the human life and vice versa, but it is clear that human life is an integral component of nature because it sources its needs from it. Â  

Tescos Strategic Management Processes: SWOT Analysis

Tescos Strategic Management Processes: SWOT Analysis Introduction: Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 when he started to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London from which he earned a profit of  £1 from sales of  £4 on his first day. After 10 years, in 1929, Jack Cohen opened his first Tesco Store in Burnt Oak, Edgware, North London (http://www.tescoplc.com). Strategic management theory â€Å"Strategic management refers to the art of planning the business at the highest possible level. It is the duty of the companys leader or leaders to implement the strategic management focuses on building a solid essential structure to your business that will consequently be fleshed out through the collective labours of every individual was employed† (www.allbusiness.com). Strategic management hinges upon answering three key questions: What are the businesss objectives? What are the best ways to achieve those objectives? What resources are required to make that happen? (www.allbusiness.com) Strategic business environment PESTEL Analysis of Tesco: Political Factors: Tesco is now operating in seven countries in the Europe including the UK, the Republic of Ireland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland and Turkey. It also operates in the South East Asia including China, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and Thailand (www.tescoplc.com). Tesco perform according to the political and legislative rules of all of these countries. With the influence of the Governments employment legislation Tesco employs following the equal opportunity employment policy (Doyle 1987). For employment legislations, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994). Economical Factors: The economic environment includes interest rates, inflation, business cycles, unemployment, disposable income and energy availability and cost (Kaplan, 2007). Keeping these factors in mind Tesco implemented the strategy of marketing mix to continue the steady growth in the UK local market and in the International business. In the recent credit crunch due the high unemployment levels Tesco tried to keep the price of the most of the products in the range of the customers by lowering the cost and the profit (http://ivythesis.typepad.com). Social or Cultural Factors: Social factors change the buying behaviour of the customers. Like the British customers moved towards bulk shopping to get cheaper unit price. Due to female workers in the city areas the big retail shops increases ready meal to the office going customers. They may also include changes in the demographic make-up of a population (Kaplan, 2007). In Thailand, customers are used to shopping at traditional wet markets, interacting with vendors and rummaging through piles of produce to choose what they want. Rather than adopting the Western approach of neatly packaged, convenient portions, Tescos Rama IV store in Bangkok tries to meet local customers expectations (www.tescoplc.com). Technological Factors: Technological factors changed the retailing methods, like direct selling through cash or Debit/Credit card from in-store and/ via internet. Tesco stores use the following technologies all over the world: Integrated link-up computers within the stores Electronic shelf labelling Self check-out to reduce the queue of the customers Barcode reader for every products Electronic point of sale Electronic Funds Transfer Systems Environmental/ Ecological Factors: Tesco encourages re-using the shopping bags, plastic bottles, paper boxes and other recyclable products by gaining more and more club card points. This include product stewardship, which considers all raw materials, components and energy sources used in the product and how more environmentally friendly substitutes could be used (Kaplan, 2007). Tesco also like to sell the organic foods to the customers in their affordable price range. f) Legal Factors: â€Å"Various government legislations and policies have a direct impact on the performance of Tesco. For instance, the Food Retailing Commission (FRC) suggested an enforceable Code of Practice should be set up banning many of the current practices, such as demanding payments from suppliers and changing agreed prices retrospectively or without notice† (Mintel Report, 2004). â€Å"The presence of powerful competitors with established brands creates a threat of intense price wars and strong requirements for product differentiation. The governments policies for monopoly controls and reduction of buyers power can limit entry to this sector with such controls as license requirements and limits on access to raw materials† (Mintel Report, 2004; Myers, 2004). In order to implement politically correct pricing policies, Tesco offers consumers a price reduction on fuel purchases based on the amount spent on groceries at its stores. While prices are lowered on prom oted goods, prices elsewhere in the store are raised to compensate.† (www.ivoryresearch.com) SWOT analysis of Tesco   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strengths TESCO have protected commercial standing in the place of global market and achieved Retailer of the Year 2008 at the â€Å"World Retail Awards†. It may be used for marketing campaigns to get advantage for future development and sustainability. Where global retail sales are declining, TESCO have announced sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets (www.businessteacher.org.uk).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weaknesses TESCO Finance income levels were affected by bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. Grocer outlets are not set up to activate as expert retailers in specific areas of product that can be capitalised on by other smaller customized retailers. TESCO is a low price leader in UK markets which can lead to reduced profit (www.businessteacher.org.uk).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opportunities TESCO is the third largest global grocer that indicates a level of retail power to ensure conventional economies of scale. The acquirement of Homever provides the prospect to develop the brand through Asia, particularly South Korea and further grow International markets for TESCO. The development of Tesco Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based items with reasonable to high margin profits and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have developed  ¼ million clients in 2008 and encouraged into profitable status suggesting further growth and expansion within this technological area can be developed (www.businessteacher.org.uk).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threats UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns through the â€Å"credit crunch†. Lower available profits will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced fundamental products with less focus on higher priced brands telling a switch in price architecture. Growing raw material costs from both food and non food will affect overall profit margins. Require further analysis for changes to consumer buying manner because technology develops consumer buying habit and it is need to evaluation (www.businessteacher.org.uk).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategic capability of Tesco Strategic capability is quite simply the capacity of a business to continue to exist, grow and deliver future importance. Clarity of thinking and action in objectives and strategy; evidence of strategy in action and strategic progress in operational attainment; sensitivity to the future and to the impact of convenient and uncontainable trends and factors upon future performance; venture in capital, strengths and less concrete drivers of value; and, an approach to social ethical and environmental matters that is important to the strategy of the business (www.futurevalue.co.uk)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expectation and purpose Tescos main purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty Tesco believes that it continually demonstrate that it is good at getting things done, good at ‘what it does, and it takes pride in being good at the way in which it achieve the target (www.tesco.com). As an example, Tescos shares were trading at 369.6p in the month of August 2009, increased to 421p mid of the month of January 2010 which shows the reliability of Tesco in the share market. Numerous analysts stated that with a good sales performance in the UK with its loyal brand, Tesco observer can now get on with looking at the big picture (www.telegraph.co.uk). There is far more to Tesco than UK shops it has stores in more than a dozen other countries, has a sizeable and growing banking arm and a large non-food operation. Analysts believed that the year 2010 will be a good year for Tesco. They expected that Tescos massive investment in its overseas operations will start to pay off within that year. Encouraging growth in Asia and the US was reported over Christmas 2009 and the chain will open its long-anticipated venture in India in the year 2010 (www.bbc.co.uk). It is pushing on with an ambitious expansion in China too. These two markets presented a strong opportunity for the retail chain. Tesco had also invested millions of pounds in the Information Technology platforms for its fledgling banking arm, which is set to launch current accounts which is expected to become a significant source of the revenue (www.telegraph.co.uk)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategic choose of Tesco   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business level strategy Tesco has a well-established and consistent strategy for growth, which has allowed the organisation to strengthen its core UK business and drive extension into new markets. The grounds for the strategy is to widen the scope of the business to enable it to deliver strong sustainable long-term growth by following the customer into large expanding markets at home such as financial services, non-food and telecoms and new markets abroad, initially in Central Europe and Asia, andmore recentlyin the United States (www.tescoplc.com). The strategy of Tesco had diversified the business was laid down in 1997 and has been the foundation of Tescos success in recent years. The new businesses had been shaped and developed over the last 12 years from the year 1997. As part of the strategy which established Tesco as a market leader in many of its markets inside and outside of the UK. The Group has continued to make good advancement with the strategy, which has five elements, reflecting its four est ablished areas of focus, and also Tescos long-term commitments on community and environment (Lowe, 2009). The objectives of the strategy are as followed: â€Å"To be a successful international retailer To grow the core UK business To be as strong in non-food as in food. To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com To put community at the heart of what we do† (www.tescoplc.com). Corporate level and international The full appearance of international retailing is not as simple as it may happen within a short period of time; it requires a long term approach. Over more than ten years of experience overseas, Tesco has stated a strategy based on six elements: Be flexible Act local Maintain focus on a few countries Use multi-formats Develop capability Build brands (www.Tescocorporate.com) By the year of 2002 Tesco was operating 174 stores in Eastern Europe and Asia, most of them hypermarkets; they represented 42 per cent of the groups total selling space. As it was presented that the UK remained by far the most important source of Tescos profits, and the aim was to keep ahead through innovation with unique differentiation was a prize that can only be won by continually being first. Tesco has followed its customers into the growing world of retailing services. Its aim was to bring simplicity and value to complex markets (www.tescofinance.com). Change management within Tesco Tesco has become Britains most successful food retailer, send-off most of its competitors in its rising. It was predicted in the year of 1999, a decade before that the company was regarded as falling behind. In order to be a success, the company had to build bigger and better stores, place higher priority on customer services, change management attitudes and revise their store culture (www.orsoc.org.uk). A pilot programme exposed in a research that the stores and store managers were performing at a lower level than their competitors. As an example the store managers performance was 75 per cent below that of other retail managers. Between Tesco and Verax, one of the World Leader in Business Performance Information, Diagnostic, Measurement Support Systems, designed a development programme for all store managers and departmental managers in the stores of Tesco to put into practice a programme to measure their performance and the Stores performance. The measure covered five areas: â€Å"Managers attitudes Managers management skills Retail-specific skills, including customer service The rewards system used (e.g. praise and recognition of pay/bonus) The store culture† (www.orsoc.org.uk). Now a days Tesco had developed its own in-house materials as the next move on from the Verax model. It is clear that the cultural changes taking place within Tesco as a whole are continuing. After the inter-company surveys held in the year 1993 cross functional workshops have been stopped now and the line managers are taking on the progression themselves (www.orsoc.org.uk). Corporate culture of Tesco Corporate culture is one of the main determinants of achievement or disappointment in a business development practice, because it mainly determines how flexible, accommodating of change and pioneering a company tends to be (www.itchybrainscentral.com). Fairfield-Sonn (2001: 36) â€Å"provided a four-layer model of corporate culture which includes cultural artefacts, cultural history, core ideology and core values that helps to quantify and describe the corporate culture of an organization. Therefore, Tescos corporate culture can be resolute from its corporate responsibility statements, which describe its main values and core ideologies as well as some aspects of cultural artefacts. Tescos corporate culture priorities allowed the company to consider opening stores in areas where native supermarkets were hesitant to go, and to provide services to the area that the local providers either couldnt or didnt consider. Thus, they opened stores in underserved regions, not only allowing them to express their core ideals, but also providing an opportunity to enter an almost untapped market. Although native retailers have twisted to enter the markets in which Tesco is now providing services in the United States, Tesco will continue to have the advantage in terms of the markets it has already entered; it also has a corporate culture that encourages the extension and service of these areas† (www.itchybrainscentral.com) Knowledge management of Tesco Knowledge management is treating the knowledge component of business behavior as a clear concern of business reflected in strategy, policy, and practice at all levels of the organisation (http://www.media-access.com). Tesco and its competitor Wal-Mart are both masters of enterprise knowledge management, especially as relates to their POS (point-of-sale) data. The two firms influence the same skills data mining analysis to drive their achievement, but use the skill in slightly different ways (http://tscg.biz). Knowledge management is not only about information; it is also about the people the company has recruited, trained, developed, and promoted within the organization. KM involves not only the implementation of a software system; it involves understanding your business needs, your organizations culture, and your personnel. To succeed, any KM initiative requires that you know your people and clearly define the behaviors that need to be changed or reinforced (www.connectioneconomy.com). Conclusion Over more than ten years of experience overseas, Tesco has evolved a strategy based on six elements: Be flexible each market is unique and requires a different approach. According to (Heizer and Barry. 2006), proximity to competitors (clustering) is important to get the customer base. In Tokyo, customers like to shop for small amounts of extremely fresh food, every day. Existing hypermarket formats dont meet the needs of local customers, so Tescos entry into the Japanese market was through the acquisition of a discount supermarket operator. Act local local customers, local cultures, local supply chains and local regulations require a tailored offer delivered by local staff. Locating a company in a different country need to deal its local cultures, and local staff. In that case company need to be ware about the local government policies, and labour productivity. Employees with poor training, poor education, or poor work habits may not be a good buy even at low wages. In Thailand, customers are used to shopping at traditional wet markets, interacting with vendors and rummaging through piles of produce to choose what they want. Rather than adopting the Western approach of neatly packaged, convenient portions. So Tesco tries to meet local customers expectations. Use multi-formats no single format can reach the whole of the market. A whole spectrum from convenience to hypermarkets is essential and company need to take a discounter approach throughout Tesco have a wide range of business all over the world, for diversify demand in various location. They are growing their non-food product business in different locations. Develop capability Its not about scale, its about skill so Tesco make sure they have capability through people, processes systems. Proximity of suppliers is another important issue for new location. For that when Tesco open new retail outlets they consider perish ability, transportation costs of a new location. They also train their stuff and improve their competence. Build brands brands enable the building of important lasting relationships with customers. Brand image among the new location customers is very helpful to setup new location for any business. Tesco have an emerging brand image, so most of the customer in the probable location already knows about Tesco products. Thats how Tesco easily get a strong customer base for new location. (http://www.tescoplc.com) To be a global retail leader Tesco is going ahead. Their successful management team implementing their total organisational strategy worldwide and maintaining steady growth every year. Though Tesco is an establish brand in but it needs to spend some more money in marketing to promote their brand outside UK. Especially the big market like USA they need to create their own brand rather than using some other name or brand. They enter in US market by using other name but it is also a part of their strategy. References ACCA Paper 3 (2007). Business Analysis- Complete text, Berkshire: Kaplan Publishing. Balchin, A. (1994). Part-time workers in the multiple retail sector: small change from employment protection legislation?, Employee Relations, Vol. 16 Issue 7, pp.43-57 Doyle, B (1987) Disabled Workers, Employment Vulnerability and Labour Law, Employee Relations Vol. 9 issue 5 pp 20-29 Fairfield-Sonn, J (2001) Corporate culture and the quality organization. London: Quorum Books. Heizer, J and Render, B (2006) Operation Management (8th edition), New jersey : Pearson Education. Lowe, M (2009) Challenges in Retail Innovation Aspects of Innovation in Tesco plcs Market Entry into the USA, Case study at http://www.managing-innovation.com/case_studies/Tesco.pdf Mintel Report (2004). Food Retailing UK, Retail Intelligence, November. Myers H. (2004). Trends in the food retail sector across Europe, European Retail Digest, Spring, Issue 41, pp.1-3. http://www.futurevalue.co.uk/future-value-strat-key-facts.html#Key01 http://www.allbusiness.com/management/2975129-1.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2009/05/should_we_save_building_societ.html http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analysis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/6976691/Questor-share-tip-Tescos-figures-trump-all-expectations.html http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/ http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/international/ http://www.orsoc.org.uk/orshop/(i3srha45nvdixbia444zierm)/orcontent.aspx?inc=article_news_tes.htm http://www.itchybrainscentral.com/tesco-business-strategy.html http://www.orsoc.org.uk/orshop/(i3srha45nvdixbia444zierm)/orcontent.aspx?inc=article_news_tes.htm http://www.media-access.com/whatis.html http://www.tesco.com/recruitment/html/careers/compInfo/values.htm http://tscg.biz/saintblog/2008/12/tesco-is-walmarts-worst-nightmare-turning-customer-data-into-rightsize-stores.html http://www.connectioneconomy.com/2006/02/18/why-knowledge-management-fails/